Estructuras Metalorgánicas: Materiales Híbridos con Aplicaciones Emergentes en Ciencia y Tecnología
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70747/cr.v5i1.1027Keywords:
estructuras metalorgánicas, materiales porosos, química reticular, captura de CO₂, catálisis, almacenamiento de energía, biosensores, liberación de fármacos, agua atmosférica, madurez tecnológicaAbstract
Las estructuras metalorgánicas (MOFs, Metal-Organic Frameworks) constituyen materiales cristalinos porosos formados por iones metálicos coordinados con ligandos orgánicos multidentados, con áreas superficiales de hasta 7,000 m²/g. Desde su conceptualización en la década de 1990, estos materiales han experimentado un crecimiento exponencial culminando con el Premio Nobel de Química 2025 otorgado a Kitagawa, Robson y Yaghi. Esta revisión sistemática, basada en directrices PRISMA y consulta de Web of Science, Scopus y PubMed (2022–2026), identificó 523 registros iniciales, de los cuales 30 estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión para la síntesis cualitativa. El corpus se complementó con 16 referencias seminales y suplementarias (1999–2025), conformando un total de 46 referencias analizadas. propone un marco analítico denominado Nexo Estructura-Propiedad- Aplicación (NEPA) para examinar sistemáticamente las interrelaciones entre diseño estructural, propiedades funcionales y viabilidad aplicativa. Se analizan los fundamentos de la química reticular, estrategias de síntesis y diez dominios aplicativos: almacenamiento de gases, captura de CO₂, catálisis heterogénea, almacenamiento de energía, liberación de fármacos, biosensores, MOFs conductores, MOFs luminiscentes, membranas de separación y recolección de agua atmosférica. Se incluyen análisis comparativos cuantitativos frente a materiales convencionales, matrices de vacíos de investigación y análisis tecnoeconómico. Se identifican desafíos en estabilidad, escalabilidad, toxicología y costo de producción, y se propone una hoja de ruta para la transición laboratorio- industria
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